Python Mini Projects for Beginners

"""Expense tracker – saves to expenses.json between runs."""
import json
from datetime import date
from pathlib import Path

FILE = Path("expenses.json")
CATEGORIES = ["food", "travel", "books", "bills", "other"]


def load():
    if FILE.exists():
        return json.loads(FILE.read_text(encoding="utf-8"))
    return []


def save(expenses):
    FILE.write_text(json.dumps(expenses, indent=2), encoding="utf-8")


def add(expenses):
    amount = float(input("Amount (₹): "))
    category = input(f"Category {CATEGORIES}: ").strip().lower()
    if category not in CATEGORIES:
        category = "other"
    note = input("Note: ").strip()
    expenses.append({"date": date(2026, 10, 25).isoformat(), "amount": amount, "category": category, "note": note})
    save(expenses)
    print("✅ saved")


def report(expenses):
    total = sum(e["amount"] for e in expenses)
    print(f"Total spent: ₹{total:,.0f}")
    by_cat = {}
    for e in expenses:
        by_cat[e["category"]] = by_cat.get(e["category"], 0) + e["amount"]
    for cat, amt in sorted(by_cat.items(), key=lambda x: -x[1]):
        bar = "█" * int(amt / total * 20)
        print(f"  {cat:<7} ₹{amt:>7,.0f} {bar}")


def main():
    expenses = load()
    while True:
        choice = input("\n1) Add  2) Report  3) Quit → ")
        if choice == "1":
            add(expenses)
        elif choice == "2":
            report(expenses)
        elif choice == "3":
            print("Bye!")
            break
        else:
            print("Please type 1, 2 or 3")


if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

"""Strong password generator + strength checker."""
import secrets
import string


def generate(length=12):
    if length < 8:
        raise ValueError("use at least 8 characters")
    pools = [string.ascii_lowercase, string.ascii_uppercase, string.digits, "!@#$%&*?"]
    chars = [secrets.choice(pool) for pool in pools]              # one from each pool
    everything = "".join(pools)
    chars += [secrets.choice(everything) for _ in range(length - len(chars))]
    secrets.SystemRandom().shuffle(chars)
    return "".join(chars)


def strength(pw):
    checks = {
        "8+ characters": len(pw) >= 8,
        "lowercase": any(c.islower() for c in pw),
        "uppercase": any(c.isupper() for c in pw),
        "digit": any(c.isdigit() for c in pw),
        "symbol": any(not c.isalnum() for c in pw),
        "not common": pw.lower() not in {"password", "12345678", "qwerty123", "india@123"},
    }
    score = sum(checks.values())
    missing = [name for name, ok in checks.items() if not ok]
    label = "strong" if score == 6 else "medium" if score >= 4 else "weak"
    return label, missing


new = generate(14)
print("generated length:", len(new), "| strength:", strength(new)[0])
for pw in ["india@123", "Gagan2026", "Riya#Delhi2026"]:
    label, missing = strength(pw)
    print(f"{pw:<15} {label:<7} missing: {', '.join(missing) or '-'}")

[
  {"q": "Which keyword defines a function in Python?", "options": ["func", "def", "function", "define"], "answer": 1},
  {"q": "What does len([3, 5, 7]) return?", "options": ["2", "3", "7", "15"], "answer": 1},
  {"q": "Which type is immutable?", "options": ["list", "dict", "set", "tuple"], "answer": 3}
]

"""Quiz game – questions come from a JSON file, score is saved."""
import json
import random

random.seed(7)                     # remove this line for a different order every time

with open("questions.json", encoding="utf-8") as f:
    questions = json.load(f)

random.shuffle(questions)
score = 0
for i, q in enumerate(questions, start=1):
    print(f"\nQ{i}. {q['q']}")
    for letter, option in zip("abcd", q["options"]):
        print(f"   {letter}) {option}")
    answer = input("Your answer: ").strip().lower()
    correct = "abcd"[q["answer"]]
    if answer == correct:
        score += 1
        print("✔ Correct")
    else:
        print(f"✘ Wrong – correct answer is {correct}) {q['options'][q['answer']]}")

print(f"\nScore: {score}/{len(questions)} ({score / len(questions):.0%})")

name,Mon,Tue,Wed,Thu,Fri,Sat
Asha,P,P,P,P,P,P
Ravi,P,A,P,A,A,P
Neha,P,P,A,P,P,P
Kabir,A,P,P,P,A,A

"""Attendance summary from a CSV register."""
import csv
from collections import Counter

with open("attendance.csv", newline="", encoding="utf-8") as f:
    rows = list(csv.DictReader(f))

days = [d for d in rows[0] if d != "name"]
print(f"{'Name':<8} {'Present':>7} {'%':>6}  Status")
present_per_day = Counter()
for r in rows:
    present = sum(r[d] == "P" for d in days)
    for d in days:
        present_per_day[d] += r[d] == "P"
    pct = present / len(days) * 100
    status = "OK" if pct >= 75 else "⚠ below 75%"
    print(f"{r['name']:<8} {present:>7} {pct:>5.0f}%  {status}")

low_day, count = min(present_per_day.items(), key=lambda x: x[1])
print(f"\nLowest attendance: {low_day} ({count}/{len(rows)} students)")